tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26941690610211135842024-03-04T21:43:37.284-08:00SOUTHEAST ASIA HISTORY ( SEJARAH ASIA TENGGARA )CITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-12514456244878905912010-10-31T20:16:00.000-07:002010-10-31T20:21:05.569-07:003.Bandingkan sistem pembesar di Vietnam dan Thailand sebelum kedatangan Barat.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRpGyCQNIml7_hweRFYjrY54Pa7P4iO0eAYQSQirC-gggoDht0HL72naHmW-h9azb-lCUVSodlbBtYDovpHjdwJf6pazBPhgKVIJUu0OJovyc0s3wM7kA6XVWBFxDkWUYlgxbemallwe4/s1600/vietnam.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 256px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRpGyCQNIml7_hweRFYjrY54Pa7P4iO0eAYQSQirC-gggoDht0HL72naHmW-h9azb-lCUVSodlbBtYDovpHjdwJf6pazBPhgKVIJUu0OJovyc0s3wM7kA6XVWBFxDkWUYlgxbemallwe4/s320/vietnam.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5534415978437783826" /></a><br />Pengenalan<br /><br /> 1. Pembesar ialah pegawai-pegawai kerajaan yang dilantik oleh Raja/ Maharaja untuk menjawat jawatan tertentu dan melaksanakan tugas-tugas dalam bidang kuasa yang diberikan kepadanya.<br /><br />2. Dalam sistem pemerintahan beraja, kedudukan pembesar sanngat penting. Pembesar berada pada heriarki kedua selepas kedudukan raja/ maharaja.<br /><br />3. Terdapat pelbagai gelaran tertentu seperti wazir ,perdana menteri dan sebagainya yang melambangkan ketinggian jawatan seseorang pembesar itu.<br /><br /><br />Isi-isi penting<br />A. Sistem pembesar di Vietnam<br /><br />1. Sebelum kedatangan Peranchis di Indo China negeri-negeri di Indo China ditadbir oleh sebuah kerajaan pusat yang berkuasa mutlak yang memberikan kuasa penuh kepada pembesar tempatan.<br /><br />2. Semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Gia Long, golongan Mandarin yang mengetuai setiap birokrasi di Vietnam.<br /><br />3. Golongan Mandarin ini dipengaruhi oleh sistem pentadbiran di negara China. Mereka dipilih melalui peperiksaan awam dan dalam bidang bahasa dan klasik Confucius.<br /><br />4. Golongan Mandarin mengetuai quan-quan atau kementerian.<br /><br />5. Terdapat enam quan kementerian di mana Quan Awam yang mempunyai taraf yang tinggi.<br /><br />6. Golongan Mandarin bertindak sebagai pembesar dengan kedudukan istimewa dalam sistem pentadbiran kerajaan.<br /><br />7. Terdapat pembesar di peringkat daerah. Tanggungjawab mereka ialah seperti:<br /> i. mengutip cukai <br /> ii. mengendalikan urusan kehakiman<br />iii. merekrut dan melatih anggota tentera.<br />iv. menjalankan upacara keagamaan dan adat istiadat<br /><br />8. Pembesar yang paling bawah ialah pembesar peringkat kampung yang mengendalikan urusan pentadbiran kampung.<br /><br />Di Thailand sistem pembesar turut diamalkan dalam pentadbirannya namun terdapat perbezaan antara sistem pembesar di Thailand dan Vietnam.<br /><br /><br />B. Sistem pembesar di Thailand<br />- Para pembesar di Thailand merupakan anggota diraja yang digelar Chao. Mereka adalah menteri-menteri kanan kepada raja dan mengetuai jabatan (krom).<br /><br />- Jabatan yang penting ialah Krom Mahattai, Krom Kalahom dan Krom Khlang.<br /><br /> - Menteri-menteri bertugas sebagai pengutip cukai dan menjaga keamanan dan mendengar kes-kes rayuan mahkanah dan mendaftar rakyat.Di bawah ketua Krom terdapat pembesar yang berjawatan lebih rendah iaitu Jabatan Ibukota, Jabatan Tanah, Jabatan Istana dan Jabatan Persekitaran.<br /><br /> - Pembesar Thailand juga dibahagi kepada pembesar peringkat pusat dan daerah. Sistem ini berperanan melicinkan pentadbiran serta menguasai sumber tenaga manusia untuk menjamin kedudukan politik, ekonomi dan sosial. Pembesar peingkat wilayah dilantik oleh raja yang terdiri daripada golongan bangsawan dan diwarisi dan biasanya diberi kepada pembesar yang bergelar Pharaya.<br /><br /> - Terdapat empat wilayah iaitu kawasan strategi keselamatan di bandar-bandar besar. Wilayah kedua dan ketiga meliputi kawasan yang agak besar yang ditadbir oleh Krom dan yang terakhir ialah bandar-bandar kecil di sekitar ibukota di bawah kerajaan pusat.<br /><br /><br /> Kesimpulan<br /><br />1. Walaupun sistem pembesar di Vietnam diwujudkan untuk membantu raja dalam sistem pemerintahan, pembesar ini mempunyai kuasa terhad dan sentiasa diawasi oleh pihak istana.<br />2. Di Thailand telah muncul birokrasi baru yang terdiri daripada pentadbir yang mempunyai kedudukan dalam birokrasi moden berdasarkan tahap pendidikan mereka.CITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-25458808272089323312009-10-14T03:48:00.000-07:002009-10-14T03:55:00.672-07:00Huraikan faktor-faktor berlakunya penentangan masyarakat di Flipilina dan<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpactHyFXYg0rjoyfn0xjuovJE9QFmzxecMabjAQN3SXeEvGpgShc5F8bBXpARyjr3phJtKWhGWlFrYRNunZD3dKSU0rqNnSNSF0R_9mlmc1eLQr3qa1eZ5djJFG9YgAM8mvKkqs9WHyo/s1600-h/philippines.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 256px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpactHyFXYg0rjoyfn0xjuovJE9QFmzxecMabjAQN3SXeEvGpgShc5F8bBXpARyjr3phJtKWhGWlFrYRNunZD3dKSU0rqNnSNSF0R_9mlmc1eLQr3qa1eZ5djJFG9YgAM8mvKkqs9WHyo/s320/philippines.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392406448453378530" /></a><br /><br />3 Huraikan faktor-faktor berlakunya penentangan masyarakat di Flipilina dan <br /> Vietnam terhadap kuasa-kuasa barat pada abad ke 19.<br /><br />Pendahuluan<br />- Pertentangan antara timur dan barat telah mencetuskan gerakan anti barat di Filipina dan Vietnam pada abad ke 19.<br />- Pemberontakan Basi, Pemberontakan Cavite, Tayabas dll.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5dgA1QCGnV5NyuwRWOlr3B1Y3gVglK9JmLGvhAPw2KbASYsaV-11h6yeD2V5aUmeCUU3sSf54aHlSPXCt_N6r321sofUkyfsWVDziTop2Zp4R8NEGRseqJYOjv9m1tQ1kx3aTa1B9Kow/s1600-h/sapa-vietnam.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 226px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5dgA1QCGnV5NyuwRWOlr3B1Y3gVglK9JmLGvhAPw2KbASYsaV-11h6yeD2V5aUmeCUU3sSf54aHlSPXCt_N6r321sofUkyfsWVDziTop2Zp4R8NEGRseqJYOjv9m1tQ1kx3aTa1B9Kow/s320/sapa-vietnam.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392407066654831698" /></a><br /><br />Faktor-faktor penentangan Vietnam terhadap penentangan Vietnam terhadap Perancis<br /><br />1. Semangat setia kepada raja, negeri dan Confucius<br /> - 1860 an komender tentera Truong Chong Dinh, Sarjana Nguyen Huu Huan dan<br /> nelayan Nguyen Trung Truc<br /> - Tentangan juga wujud melalui tulisan oleh Phan Van Tri<br /> - 1870 – 1890an muncul golongan intelegensia<br /><br />2. Slogan setia raja (Aid The King atau Chan Vuong) <br />- berunsur ideology dan politik perkauman<br />- tema menghapuskan agama dan menghalau keluar perancis<br />- mereka menyerang dan membunuh orang Vietnam beragama kristian<br />- tokoh terlibat Phan Dinh Phung di kawasan Ha Tinh dan Hoang Hoa Than di <br /> pergunungan utara<br /><br />3. Pengaruh luar - Gerakan Islah Kang Yu Wei dan Liang Ch`i Chao <br /> - mempengaruhi gerakan islah Vietnam menyingkirkan sesetengah pandangan <br /> confucius dan menerima pandangan barat<br /> - Tokoh – Phan Boi Chau – Buku Baru Mengenai Tangisan Darah Pulau Ryukyu –<br /> menyeru orang Vietnam sebagai bersaudara dan hendaklah bersatu cintakan tanah air<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgu0zK6WVxuoBd7F5q-nBCXGxGwa82T9KPpzHElIvRsmJwJv1fPIMOv99m5IBQmtg6VuFg1h8wcug_c7OH9dKQuJeBYwXYMnRGq0nYuvuW1szYNQ4lYEVvVYUE9W-Oyr5i2KoNrV23_Ws/s1600-h/vietnam-map.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 227px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgu0zK6WVxuoBd7F5q-nBCXGxGwa82T9KPpzHElIvRsmJwJv1fPIMOv99m5IBQmtg6VuFg1h8wcug_c7OH9dKQuJeBYwXYMnRGq0nYuvuW1szYNQ4lYEVvVYUE9W-Oyr5i2KoNrV23_Ws/s320/vietnam-map.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392407317248510578" /></a><br /><br /><br />4. Kejayaan Jepun mengalahkan Rusia dan Pemodenan Meiji<br /> - mempengaruhi perjuangan Vietnam memodenkan monarki<br /> - Putera Chuong De (1882-1951) – mengagumi Jepun<br /><br />5. Perkembangan agama kristian<br /> - mencetuskan rasa tidak puas hati rakyat Vietnam<br /> - bimbang Perancis akan memusnahkan budaya dan agama mereka<br /><br />6. Sikap dan tindakan orang Perancis ke atas penduduk tempatan<br /> - Kapten Francis Garnier , ajen Dupuis , Laksaamana Jules Marie Duprei <br /> menimbulkan kemarahan golongan mandarin<br /><br />Faktor penentangan Rakyat Filipina terhadap Sepanyol<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsRgGWwLoAYZ3pSq5M5fd3lIg7g1DFqsPa76yjWmW5P_j98HqRkhKvTk11Alrf4HwSJkivyseTkAe3u8345vQuyoR6vvWzPeY97VRTYftSUEDnE_iy3yevjSSEHggSmnSM0-xN4dKX6A/s1600-h/map-philippines.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 289px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWsRgGWwLoAYZ3pSq5M5fd3lIg7g1DFqsPa76yjWmW5P_j98HqRkhKvTk11Alrf4HwSJkivyseTkAe3u8345vQuyoR6vvWzPeY97VRTYftSUEDnE_iy3yevjSSEHggSmnSM0-xN4dKX6A/s320/map-philippines.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392406634335859090" /></a><br /><br />1. Layanan yang berbeza tentera Sepanyol terhadap askar Filipina<br /> - diskriminasi dari segi gaji, layanan dan pangkat<br /> - gaji rendah, layanan buruk dan tiada peluang berjawatan tinggi<br /> - menyebabkan berlakunya pemberontakan Novales (1823 ) dan Dahagi Tagalog (1871)<br /><br />2. Diskriminasi dalam kalangan paderi <br /> - paderi Sepanyol mempunyai banyak keistimewaan berbandinbg paderi Filipina<br /> - keistimewaan dari segi jawatan dalam gereja<br /> - berlaku pemberontakan Tayabas pimpinan Apolinario de la Cruz<br /><br />3. Kewujudan kelas menengah yang belajar di luar negeri<br /> - melanjutkan pelajaran di Eropah<br /> - menuntut reformasi sebagai langkah awal kemerdekaan<br /> - terpengaruh dengan tulisan dan idea-idea barat<br /><br />4. Perkembangan fahaman liberal<br /> - perlantikan De La Tore sebagai Gebenor<br /> - idea liberalism dan memperkenalkan banyak pembaharuan<br /> <br />5. Penentangan terhadap dasar pembaharuan Sepanyol<br /> - Sepanyol mengharamkan rakyat tempatan menghasi dan menjual arak sendiri<br /> - arak sebagai pekerjaan tradisi rakyat filipina<br /> - rakyat Filipina dipaksa membeli dari Sepanyol<br /> - Perniagaan arak di monopoli Sepanyol<br /> - Pengharaman penghasilan arak menghilangkan sumber pendapatan rakyat Filipina.<br /> - Menyebabkan berlaku pemberontakan Basi (1807)<br /><br />Penutup<br /><br />- Walaupun dapat ditewaskan perasaan curiga terhadap penjajah tetap berterusan<br /> - Menyebabkan berlakunya gerakan propaganda dan gerakan nasionalismeCITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-10094072703204007042009-08-11T19:34:00.000-07:002009-08-11T19:56:28.467-07:00Persamaan dan perbezaan di antara bentuk pemerintahan di Burma dan di Thai selepas perang dunia kedua.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilIvvG0Q7V_kt0yM5Z1Zy-8-tCGX8V3UsKjzYOcWRvOXPwU9UteYx7FKzZDOiux3W2RrDH3fe9ueB8-5bPufkud8WNhsp9Fz9iWGnJ-eNSAU8oPD9udNYvV2mQb6kh3RQTiNf2C-yB9Ig/s1600-h/burma-temples-414856-sw.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilIvvG0Q7V_kt0yM5Z1Zy-8-tCGX8V3UsKjzYOcWRvOXPwU9UteYx7FKzZDOiux3W2RrDH3fe9ueB8-5bPufkud8WNhsp9Fz9iWGnJ-eNSAU8oPD9udNYvV2mQb6kh3RQTiNf2C-yB9Ig/s320/burma-temples-414856-sw.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368902869177764818" /></a><br /><br /> Burma dan Thailand mempunyai latar belakang sejarah pemerintahan yang berbeza. Uniknya Thailand sebuah negara yang tidak pernah dijajah sementara Burma/Myanmar pernah menjadi negara jajahan British. Namun demikinan banyak perubahan berlaku selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Sistem pemerintahan Myanmar berbentuk Kesatuan, sementara Thailand berbentuk Monarki Berpelembagaan.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3cTdGwFCYuyYpLGl5DZ6d1Gm1h08C0KMswXa9NPm_J-0cvOE0zmgLDLUgA_RywqF93q8YBBsBy1Mh0mbVCnFDvoJfTCk9Uo72JBObacZzMwCaVMZBsK9A4emOhjkKLVl8M2nA_EIm4U4/s1600-h/3709891-Long_neck_Karen_in_Shan_state_of_Burma-Burma.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 304px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3cTdGwFCYuyYpLGl5DZ6d1Gm1h08C0KMswXa9NPm_J-0cvOE0zmgLDLUgA_RywqF93q8YBBsBy1Mh0mbVCnFDvoJfTCk9Uo72JBObacZzMwCaVMZBsK9A4emOhjkKLVl8M2nA_EIm4U4/s320/3709891-Long_neck_Karen_in_Shan_state_of_Burma-Burma.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368902952690015570" /></a><br /><br />Pemerintahan di Myanmar <br /> <br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTYoGsemwt05kRiSg8qOVL3PlLkwiqt80vde4DVd5_0qeWd3f_ukPLEf2S89d9Kh16Yxucdm-WYy-07T8nr7bQlL1iMuNfUsgGgm17cjRtE-bc3e2uJspkYXe-QruzFiglaEolX29gFwk/s1600-h/burma.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 263px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTYoGsemwt05kRiSg8qOVL3PlLkwiqt80vde4DVd5_0qeWd3f_ukPLEf2S89d9Kh16Yxucdm-WYy-07T8nr7bQlL1iMuNfUsgGgm17cjRtE-bc3e2uJspkYXe-QruzFiglaEolX29gFwk/s320/burma.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368903143609716018" /></a><br /><br /> Pemerintahan tentera selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Jeneral Aung San yang mengetuai Majlis Menteri dalam pentadbiran tentera mengadakan pilihanraya pada tahun 1947.Parti Liga Kemerdekaan Rakyat Anti Fasis(AFPFL) pimpinan Aung San menang tetapi beliau mati dibunuh oleh U Saw bekas ahli AFPFL.U Nu mengetuai kerajaan dan mendapatkan kemerdekaan Myanmar daripada British pada tahun 1948.<br />Pemerintahan Myanmar meniru corak Parlimen British yang mengandungi Dewan Rendah dan Dewan Kebangsaan.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oOgt4wNPxTHWxeUKwfePRmGUIOySWBbMBOfIwD2uS1-VWToMNCb3mGCk8qAw_2sRvY-HZSgTvawH5WW_Q2eLxFwkx-ygl-JYAw9gk2MGDWJ4e_choyeG2eXFsTJc4vCDseD3DovbgjY/s1600-h/Burma-Shwedagon%2520Pagoda%2520Rangoon.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 209px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-oOgt4wNPxTHWxeUKwfePRmGUIOySWBbMBOfIwD2uS1-VWToMNCb3mGCk8qAw_2sRvY-HZSgTvawH5WW_Q2eLxFwkx-ygl-JYAw9gk2MGDWJ4e_choyeG2eXFsTJc4vCDseD3DovbgjY/s320/Burma-Shwedagon%2520Pagoda%2520Rangoon.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368903302490854258" /></a><br /><br /> Pilihanraya diadakan empat tahun sekali untuk memilih kedua-dua ahli dewan.<br />Ketua negara Burma ialah Presiden yang dipilh oleh kedua-dua dewan untuk tempuh lima tahun. Presiden berkuasa melantik Perdana Menteri. Dia juga berkuasa melantik menteri, memanggil dan membubarkan dewan perwakilan.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGI3hqB6xMVICGpm2v6i5WfMoWbj5dwBRY1_3hLyQAi-GvsTzILPuQlTXyq3hX7DEqWMBVWpC4Cq7paJgfILLhfg2GLR0iOOjKahXP_vaqr2rWk6Hbwgmkaowo9bKKP2SYnlDGH0c5B9M/s1600-h/Burma440.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 201px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGI3hqB6xMVICGpm2v6i5WfMoWbj5dwBRY1_3hLyQAi-GvsTzILPuQlTXyq3hX7DEqWMBVWpC4Cq7paJgfILLhfg2GLR0iOOjKahXP_vaqr2rWk6Hbwgmkaowo9bKKP2SYnlDGH0c5B9M/s320/Burma440.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368903754366798834" /></a><br /><br />Pentadbiran tempatan terbahagi kepada tiga bahagian<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpfR1C8deFHvP9Wd_OHgfn_fjtmaoRZSZA5lBTIygDTPw9P1y8AFlIcXpuSMxusDzaU9f0W7xw8FUXU9hvcg1mlY4mJousoi7JA1AsHJvmaRdLWZbiPgYW3y_wHoaPF200bvL890G0loY/s1600-h/Rangoon.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 235px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpfR1C8deFHvP9Wd_OHgfn_fjtmaoRZSZA5lBTIygDTPw9P1y8AFlIcXpuSMxusDzaU9f0W7xw8FUXU9hvcg1mlY4mJousoi7JA1AsHJvmaRdLWZbiPgYW3y_wHoaPF200bvL890G0loY/s320/Rangoon.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368904502120235122" /></a><br /><br /> PETA RANGGON<br /><br />i.Burma sebenar/Burma Proper mengandungi lapan bahagian dan setiap satu mengandungi 34 daerah yang ditadbir terus oleh kerajaan pusat di Ranggon.<br />ii. Kampung dan bandar memilih wail melalui wakil ke majlis bandar.Majlis bandar memilih 4-8 wakil ke majlis daerah.<br />iii. Setiap negeri mempunyai majlis negeri sebagai pembuat dasar.Ketua Eksekutif Negeri dilantik oleh Presiden.Ketua eksekutif akan menjadi menteri masing-masing dalam kabinet pusat.<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Uvc5DFKLk7P60LqYdtMP9Ojx9dTBoJwcRJdGv_utWaA2GxixdyBCmqtwEbNonkRldCYnywxYTXZgsoEFMVgkqKBnIlFN1O7QdmJDjxCP3sxn6nZTeMaQOsjUKY0ZTesqNVU-kajz1L8/s1600-h/general-ne-win--the-first-milita-16950-20080730-21.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 262px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4Uvc5DFKLk7P60LqYdtMP9Ojx9dTBoJwcRJdGv_utWaA2GxixdyBCmqtwEbNonkRldCYnywxYTXZgsoEFMVgkqKBnIlFN1O7QdmJDjxCP3sxn6nZTeMaQOsjUKY0ZTesqNVU-kajz1L8/s320/general-ne-win--the-first-milita-16950-20080730-21.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368904174996970338" /></a><br /><br />JENERAL NE WIN<br /><br /> Sistem pemerintahan ini berakhir pada 2 Mac 1962 bila berlaku rampasan kuasa oleh Jeneral Ne Win. Beliau menubuhkan Majlis Revolusi yang terdiri daripada 18anggota kanan tentera. Beliau bertindak sebagai Presiden dan perlembagaan baru dibentuk pada tahun 1962.<br /><br />Pemerintahan di Thailand <br /> <br /> Amerika Syarikat dan British diminta kerjasama bagi menubuhkan kerajaan bercorak demokrasi berpelembagaan.Tiga golongan yang bertentangan di Thailand;<br /><br />i. Pihak tentera pimpinan Pibun Soggaram.<br />ii. Pihak Liberal pimpinan Pridi Ponamyong<br />iii.Pihak Konservatif pimpinan Kukrij Pramoj.<br /><br /> Pilihanraya pertama Januari 1946, Pridi berjaya. Khuang Aphaivong dilantik menjadi PM dan Pridi tetap menjadi Pemangku Raja Ananda. Mei 1946, perlembagaan baru dirangka. Dalam perlembagaan itu terdapat sebuah Dewan Rakyat dan sebuah Dewan Senat. Kedua-dua dewan itu menyokong Pridi dan Pridi dilantik menjadi PM. Perebutan kuasa berlaku. 1946 Pridi dipenjarakan atas tuduhan terlibat dalam pembunuhan Raja Ananda.<br /><br /> Setelah bebas beliau aktif semula. Parti-parti politik berkembang pesat.<br />November 1947 berlaku Coup d’ etat oleh tentera. Penyokong Pibun Songram. Demokrasi liberal terbantut hingga 1970 an. Satu perlembagaan digubal, pilihanraya diadakan. Untungkan parti konservatif. <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR3yjqqds257JisvKw6sz3YGRKx7IFymaERSZBp9_bE7VTMWdm0JLPWNZN6XXdB5bRBzycKDecp6MqQ50uriVgHUFcIVdtwtdKFcHYjGUsIbzI6Xco-BZaG6ink_tPR9BlKHwp18IGLzQ/s1600-h/Pridi.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 151px; height: 218px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR3yjqqds257JisvKw6sz3YGRKx7IFymaERSZBp9_bE7VTMWdm0JLPWNZN6XXdB5bRBzycKDecp6MqQ50uriVgHUFcIVdtwtdKFcHYjGUsIbzI6Xco-BZaG6ink_tPR9BlKHwp18IGLzQ/s320/Pridi.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368905051079861666" /></a><br /><br />Khuang Aphaiwong dilantik menjadi Perdana Menteri.<br /><br /><br /><br /> Pada tahun 1952 berlaku lagi rampasan kuasa tentera. Kali ini perlembagaan 1949 dimansuhkan dan Perlembagaan 1932 dikuatkuasakan semula.Untuk menjaga kedudukan pihak tentera, separuh daripada anggota parlimen.Semua parti politik dibubarkan.<br />Pibun menggunakan alasan komunis untuk dapatkan sokongan Amerika. Pergolakan politik di Thailand berlegar di sekitar kuasa tentera. Demokrasi lemah hingga tahun 1970 an.<br /><br />Kesimpulannya <br /> <br />Pemerintahan di Burma dan Thailand sering berubah corak akibat campur tangan tentera dalam pemerintahan. Demokrasi sering tergugat dan perlembagaan berubah-ubah mengikur arus pihak pemerintah.CITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-76598765717142304502009-07-06T00:25:00.000-07:002009-07-06T00:39:35.958-07:00Sejauh manakah faktor bahasa dan kesusasteraan mempengaruhi kesedaran nasionalisme di kalangan orang Melayu di antara tahun 1900 hingga menjelang Pera<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnhNL6rDsA1dS_LS-st_998_l7Wkba8TwxarwJfSkz04Tu80485Y4MEwN7_HvXf9YGwVkpBN3NSUp-dXAzmYgO3LGt4aBNbn3EuXsKsN91wHP0QiUBINXJZz0YSVuVCdu3N75rdj2BHXQ/s1600-h/kenyir3.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 211px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnhNL6rDsA1dS_LS-st_998_l7Wkba8TwxarwJfSkz04Tu80485Y4MEwN7_HvXf9YGwVkpBN3NSUp-dXAzmYgO3LGt4aBNbn3EuXsKsN91wHP0QiUBINXJZz0YSVuVCdu3N75rdj2BHXQ/s320/kenyir3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355246244863878562" /></a><br /><br />1. Bahasa dan kesusasteraan: <br />a. Karya-karya sastera bukan sahaja digunakan untuk hiburan tetapi juga untuk menimbulkan semangat kebangsaan di kalangan orang Melayu yang dihimpit oleh kaum imigran<br /><br />b. Menyedarkan masyarakat Melayu yang berada dalam kemunduran dan kemerosotan khususnya dalam ekonomi menerusi novel ‘Dari Perangkap ke Penjara’ dan cerpen ‘Rumah Besar Tiang Seribu’ .<br /><br />c. ‘Hikayat Faridah Hanom’ karya Syed Sheik Al-Hadi memperjuangkan emansipasi wanita dan pentingnya wanita Islam moden diberi hak yang sama seperti kaum lelaki<br /><br />d. ‘Putera Gunung Tahan’ karya Ishak Hj Muhamad menceritakan tentang kelemahan pemimpin Melayu dan ketidakjujuran British.<br /><br />e. Abad ke-20 muncul karya untuk menyedarkan masyarakat Melayu pentingnya pendidikan dan keazaman untuk mencapainya.<br /><br />f. Shamsudin Salleh melalui cerpen ‘Cermin Pergaulan Hidup di Dunia’ mengisahkan tentang tekanan di bawah penjajahan British.<br /><br />g. Puisi dan syair oleh Harun Aminurrashid – semua puisi bertemakan semangat kebangsaan Melayu. Contoh: ‘Semenanjung’, ‘Rayuan Bangsamu’, dan ‘Perwira Melayu’.<br /><br />h. Abdul Samad Ahmad dalam puisi ‘Serunai Pujangga’ menyeru orang Melayu bersatu dan bergerak cergas untuk mencapai kemajuan. <br /><br />i. Bidang kesusasteraan merupakan alat bagi masyarakat Melayu yang miskin meluahkan ketidakpuasan hati dan sebagai suatu protes secara senyap terhadap nasib malang di tanah air sendiri.<br /><br />j. Bidang kesusasteraan menyedarkan orang Melayu tentang perjuangan golongan intelektual melindungi agama, bangsa, dan negara.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3gIOSb2UsUd8g8s1v_Zr8_x8BBfvpkAqVhWTbFd5zU8oMcS3XpZTha5_93HRMxOrd4q6rQIw0k1uKBqeYE-xNDGBoBNQTAP__YN5ZSYxOEBWOLirEQDPP-6M8XvT8k3fXG_movacP08/s1600-h/southeastasia.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 270px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe3gIOSb2UsUd8g8s1v_Zr8_x8BBfvpkAqVhWTbFd5zU8oMcS3XpZTha5_93HRMxOrd4q6rQIw0k1uKBqeYE-xNDGBoBNQTAP__YN5ZSYxOEBWOLirEQDPP-6M8XvT8k3fXG_movacP08/s320/southeastasia.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355246365169123650" /></a><br /><br /><br />2. Intelektual:<br />a. Perjuangan golongan ini berkait rapat dengan bidang bahasa dan kesusasteraan.<br /><br />b. Terdapat tiga golongan intelektual yang membangkitkan nasionalisme Melayu iaitu golongan intelektual berpendidikan Arab, Melayu, dan Inggeris.<br /><br />c. ‘Al-Imam’ meniupkan seruan Islah Islamiyyah di Tanah Melayu dan diilhamkan oleh tokoh-tokoh berpendidikan Arab di Timur Tengah. Contoh: Sheikh Mohd Tahir Jalaluddin dan Sheikh Mohd Salim Al-Kalali<br /><br />d. Golongan intelektual yakin umat Islam boleh diselamatkan sekiranya mengikuti apa yang termaktub dalam Al-Quran dan hadis, mengutuk mereka yang mengamalkan agama semata-mata dan enggan menerima hakikat perubahan masa yang menyebabkan pemikiran umat Islam kolot dan mundur.<br /><br />e. Perjuangan golongan intelektual berpendidikan Inggeris muncul akibat penguasaan ekonomi oleh bangsa asing.<br /><br />f. Golongan ini juga bersikap sederhana dan boleh bekerjasama dengan pihak penjajah. Perjuangan mereka meliputi soal sosio-ekonomi masyarakat Melayu. seperti peluang melanjutkan pelajaran ke luar Negara. Contoh : Dato’ Onn bin Jaafar dan Mohamad Eunos bin Abdullah.<br /><br />g. Golongan intelektual Melayu memainkan peranan membentuk persatuan-persatuan dan kelab. Mereka menubuhkan persatuan-persatuan Melayu peringkat negeri. Contoh: Persatuan Melayu Pahang dan Perak.<br /><br />h. Golongan ini lebih radikal berbanding dengan intelektual berpendidikan Arab dan Inggeris.<br /><br />i. Intelektual terkemukaa berpendidikan Melayu ialah Ibrahim Hj Yaacob<br /><br />3. Sistem Pendidikan:<br /><br />a. Terbukti perkembangan pendidikan dalam dan luar negeri melahirkan golongan intelektual terpelajar yang berperanan penting membangkitkan gerakan nasionalisme.<br />b. Contoh: sistem pendidikan Arab yang dikenal sebagai sistem sekolah pondok<br />c. Pelajar-pelajar yang menuntut di Timur Tengah dipengaruhi oleh gerakan reformis Islam.<br />d. Perkembangan sistem pendidikan Inggeris melahirkan golongan intelektual yang memperjuangkan hak-hak dan keistimewaan orang Melayu. Mereka menuntut keistimewaan yang diberikan kepada orang British perlu juga diberi kepada orang Melayu.<br />e. MPSI merupakan tempat berkumpul golongan intelektual Melayu daripada golongan bawahan yang mempunyai kesedaran untuk memperbaiki nasib orang Melayu.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA2EE8vwFNUhtki4EEevx_UFyT-NLpo5oG5Ihg82m4rQPgJzceibQiJuXI78x7S8aVDyDzc83nLp18IYUWqgicSNRhmSaZkNenp2lt_yjM6tGWviSwZw3plmjp2rgm86w_LYjl9BNOhio/s1600-h/P3300519.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA2EE8vwFNUhtki4EEevx_UFyT-NLpo5oG5Ihg82m4rQPgJzceibQiJuXI78x7S8aVDyDzc83nLp18IYUWqgicSNRhmSaZkNenp2lt_yjM6tGWviSwZw3plmjp2rgm86w_LYjl9BNOhio/s320/P3300519.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355247816953964850" /></a><br /><br /><br />4. Kewartawanan:<br />a. Bidang ini turut memberi sumbangan meningkatkan kesedaran politik masyarakat Melayu.<br />b. Contoh: Majlis, Warta Malaya, Idaran Zaman, Al-Imam, Utusan Melayu, Warta Negara, Lembaga Malaya, dan Majalah Guru.<br />c. Akhbar menyalurkan ilmu dan mesej supaya masyarakat Melayu mencapai kemajuan dalam hidup.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgklNYAJyeRpJtI4Rt3GlUJvEGFHK7YFBtduqwGHeJZbcnK0e1EpN29kJxxHKCxzoOyWafpGg3Tt3aWotfVQs79fDXDuTp-tq9Ix02qEGQvKqJsxAd0QBE-EBAhwm4DxaMzowes-7lAhK4/s1600-h/langkawi.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgklNYAJyeRpJtI4Rt3GlUJvEGFHK7YFBtduqwGHeJZbcnK0e1EpN29kJxxHKCxzoOyWafpGg3Tt3aWotfVQs79fDXDuTp-tq9Ix02qEGQvKqJsxAd0QBE-EBAhwm4DxaMzowes-7lAhK4/s320/langkawi.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355248204295336770" /></a><br /><br /><br />5. Faktor Luaran:<br />a. Peristiwa di luar Tanah Melayu memberi kesan besar kepada semangat nasionalisme orang Melayu.<br />b. Contoh: perkembangan politik Indonesia, Perang Rusia-Jepun (1904-1905), Pergerakan Turki Moden, dan kejayaan Revolusi 1911 di China.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvoKXSmsuEzkuP3SpSUOEeKatpV8gdbHAfNL60IRxXDb_0qX9bptsloGQ_XIGNxL2_JOq3rF1GKTMEXgdNpCtZQleTFMZgJxra8PN-2bV008McssOTLFYRhD1WAUGD45gkwQlzgKnq7V8/s1600-h/Kenyir201.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvoKXSmsuEzkuP3SpSUOEeKatpV8gdbHAfNL60IRxXDb_0qX9bptsloGQ_XIGNxL2_JOq3rF1GKTMEXgdNpCtZQleTFMZgJxra8PN-2bV008McssOTLFYRhD1WAUGD45gkwQlzgKnq7V8/s320/Kenyir201.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5355248510371102722" /></a><br /><br /><br />Kesimpulan:<br />a. Bahasa dan kesusasteraan merupakan faktor penting membangkitkan kesedaran kebangsaan di kalangan orang Melayu. <br />b. Faktor-faktor lain juga tidak kurang pentingnya dan berkait dengan faktor bahasa dan kesusasteraanCITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-73829333946780053632009-05-06T18:05:00.000-07:002009-05-06T18:25:29.532-07:00Kebangkitan Saya San di Myanmar dan Pangeran Diponegoro di<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFoEYXgk0mXmrycQGU1TSY4jXzlY7g7q9nYzFlj70Nb4bWVEh8UI8LLH04vZPfsyzDEnrojGEq8e4zec3Kcnq0EltNw7thS5uHQAFnLcTV84DU6fBnTHVUG_GeeJQwEbPJzTxWdWvQIY/s1600-h/man.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 241px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFoEYXgk0mXmrycQGU1TSY4jXzlY7g7q9nYzFlj70Nb4bWVEh8UI8LLH04vZPfsyzDEnrojGEq8e4zec3Kcnq0EltNw7thS5uHQAFnLcTV84DU6fBnTHVUG_GeeJQwEbPJzTxWdWvQIY/s320/man.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332885432113706994" /></a>Background<br /><br />(1930-1932)<br />Sayar San's real name was U Ya Gyaw. He was born in Thayet Kan, Shwebo District,<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Jc3sjsFI8zXzScL09ZW8Z9xG6hyEQVz_SqPhRKKxbdJMjqvjUC7gRttaWjJbNbdbtgZ8bk7eGEIKUk4tgc3PNHNGF9X1qteb02uPK4i_Rxz45JWmba9uwcvF7E6o9_1r5h2rRMhvaCI/s1600-h/san.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 165px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-Jc3sjsFI8zXzScL09ZW8Z9xG6hyEQVz_SqPhRKKxbdJMjqvjUC7gRttaWjJbNbdbtgZ8bk7eGEIKUk4tgc3PNHNGF9X1qteb02uPK4i_Rxz45JWmba9uwcvF7E6o9_1r5h2rRMhvaCI/s320/san.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332884217693563266" /></a><br /><br /><br />Mandalay Division. Once he became the leader of anti-British rebellion of 1930-32 in Myanmar, he was known as Saya San. <br />Saya San was a native of Shwebo, a centre of nationalist-monarchist sentiment in north-central Myanmar that was the birthplace of the Konbaung (or Alaungpaya) dynasty, which controlled Myanmar from 1752 until the British annexation in 1886. He was a Buddhist monk, physician, and astrologer in Siam (Thailand) and Myanmar before the rebellion<br /><br />Pendahuluan <br /><br />Myanmar dan Jawa telahpun menerima imperialisme Barat akibat kekayaan sumber aslinya. Selain, menjalankan dasar imperialisme, kuasa Barat membawa masuk orang Cina dan India ke negara-negara tersebut untuk menjaga kepentingan ekonomi penjajah sehingga tradisi dan nilai-nilai tempatan mula terjejas. Kedudukan geografi menyebabkan orang India mula membanjiri Myanmar.<br /><br />a). kebangkitan Saya San<br /><br />Pada tahun 1930- bangkit di Hilir Burma; merupakan ahli aktif Majlis Am Persatuan-persatuan Myanmar (GCBA); <br />Matlamat perjuangannya adalah untuk memulihkan kembali keseluruhan alat-alat diraja agama Buddha dan animisme<br />Menyiasat aduan rakyat mengenai cukai tanah, hutang petani dan larangan mengambil hasil seperti buluh dan kayu api<br /><br />Mengendalikan secara rasmi pertubuhan/melancarkan kebangkitan<br />Bersama dengan pongyi-pongyi lain menentang undang-undang British<br />Pengikut-pengikut utama adalah: U Ottawa dan U Wisara<br />Melawat kumpulan dan menjalankan kegiatan anti cukai<br />Pengikutnya memakai tatu berbentuk Galon, tangkal dan azimat<br /><br />Merancang pembunuhan Pesuruhjaya British Bahagian Pegu<br />Pengurus-pengurus Saya San terlibat dalam politik dan bergiat melalui Wunthanu Athins<br />Lebih kurang mengambil 2 tahun untuk membina pasukannya<br />Kemuncaknya pada 22 Disember 1930<br /><br />Serangan ke atas balai polis, ketua kampung yang enggan bekerjasama dengan orang Cina dan orang India<br />Pongyi dari markas Saya San melancarkan serangan di Yamethin (1931)<br />Kebangkitan hebat berlaku di daerah Pyapon (selatan Rangoon) pada 7 Januari 1932<br /><br />700 orang bersenjatakan lembing menyerang pasukan polis yang lengkap bersenjata<br />kebangkitan di Bassein dan Henzeda (Februari 1932); merebak ke Irrawaddy daerah Pome dan Thayetmyo<br />Gagal mencapai matlamat kerana kekurangan senjata;3000 terkorban<br />Membuka mata rakyat (nasionalisme<br /><br />Penjajah menyedari kelemahan dasarnya terhadap golongan petani<br />Penurunan cukai 1/10 kepada 1/3; pinjaman pertanian 20 laksa rupi diberikan<br />Mengharamkan GCBA<br />Saya San diburu oleh British; berlindung di bukit-bukit Shan; ditangkap di Bandar Maymyo dan dijatuhkan hukuman mati<br /><br />b). Kebangkitan Diponegoro<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT6iV4ZZ4TBekKAyxwrXII3JYIUbcPk2AcogdYvCEEBW3srUxuAJ0gj3htVhYYyW2KxPpv0-Aw13R9l8Qi_CnMHhhOTOuSJtRlXaLNZI0Jt_jVwXs7aTxe0k4JqQ41OZzykNhUa9B6uZ4/s1600-h/dipo.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 302px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT6iV4ZZ4TBekKAyxwrXII3JYIUbcPk2AcogdYvCEEBW3srUxuAJ0gj3htVhYYyW2KxPpv0-Aw13R9l8Qi_CnMHhhOTOuSJtRlXaLNZI0Jt_jVwXs7aTxe0k4JqQ41OZzykNhUa9B6uZ4/s320/dipo.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332884423567792386" /></a><br /><br /><br />Diponegoro adalah putra sulung Hamengkubuwana III, seorang raja Mataram di Yogyakarta. <br />Lahir pada tanggal 11 November 1785 di Yogyakarta <br />NAMA SEBENAR Pangeran Diponegoro IALAH Bendoro Raden Mas Ontowiryo. <br /><br />Perang Jawa/Diponegoro di Jawa pada tahun 1825-30<br />Dipimpin oleh Pangeran Diponegoro<br />Membuang tanda yang dibuat oleh Belanda untuk membina jalan melalui tanahnya dan makam keramat kemudian digantikan dengan mata tombak<br /><br />Belanda mula berunding dengan Diponegoro tetapi tidak hadir; Belanda tidak puashati;gerakan menangkap <br />Pangeran berpindah ke Selerong dan memimpin gerakan; kediamannya dibakar<br />Pasukan Diponegoro menyerang pertahanan Belanda di Yogyakarta<br />Menyerang Belanda dan ramai orang Cina terbunuh<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgudnEHP0XeQm_ry56q5g-prYuR7tnkUKvyILdTZjUbntuwgqBXVpxbl6QmusaJtu_UHXjIj1vv3YpvQ1RSeOjooBLEq9Mm7X_8HZz7RhxZtwWlDHhqghOKozqp1rwzvE5P0thZVfwI0wA/s1600-h/voc.bmp"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 178px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgudnEHP0XeQm_ry56q5g-prYuR7tnkUKvyILdTZjUbntuwgqBXVpxbl6QmusaJtu_UHXjIj1vv3YpvQ1RSeOjooBLEq9Mm7X_8HZz7RhxZtwWlDHhqghOKozqp1rwzvE5P0thZVfwI0wA/s320/voc.bmp" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332886513811722002" /></a><br /><br /><br />Perjuangan Diponegoro bertambah kuat dengan gabungan Kiyai Maja dan Sentot Prawiradirja; timbulnya fahaman perang sabil menentang kafir<br /><br />Pertempuran antara pasukan sentot dengan Belanda di Longkong, ramai pasukan sentot terkorban<br />Belanda melantik kembali sultan sepuh sebagai sultan Yogjakarta<br /><br />1827- Kiyai Maja bersedia berunding untuk meletakkan senjata (dibuang negeri)<br />1829- Diponegoro berunding<br />1830-rundingan Diponegoro dengan resdien de Kock; ditawan dan dihantar ke Semerang melalui Betawi; dibuang negeri ke Menado; dibawa ke makasar ; mangkat pada tahun 1855<br />Perang Jawa memberi kesan buruk kepada ekonomi Belanda;hampir muflis;rakyat sengsara dan kebuluran<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinfWQ7n2zxfN6YdbA2E-d9m-jHynF8fitQcdZybFMAdu_DZN27VZdeTfR9bWBBOhLsf0K4FcyLt7UsC7tHbO880mltMozqeN9HcQ5GZPq3Y1_2BfvSCIWeCElD7aeu6jTqFYDbvx3lb1o/s1600-h/diponegoro_1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 266px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinfWQ7n2zxfN6YdbA2E-d9m-jHynF8fitQcdZybFMAdu_DZN27VZdeTfR9bWBBOhLsf0K4FcyLt7UsC7tHbO880mltMozqeN9HcQ5GZPq3Y1_2BfvSCIWeCElD7aeu6jTqFYDbvx3lb1o/s320/diponegoro_1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332884681847855010" /></a><br /><br /><br />3 Mei 1830 Diponegoro dan rombongan diberangkatkan dengan kapal Pollux ke Manado dan ditawan di benteng Amsterdam. <br />1834 dipindahkan ke benteng Rotterdam di Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan. <br />8 Januari 1855 Diponegoro wafat dan dimakamkan di kampung Jawa Makassar. <br /><br />Kesimpulannya <br /><br />Walaupun kedua-dua kebangkitan ini dianggap penting dalam sejarah politik negara masing-masing tetapi gagal dalam menghadapi kemaraan kuasa Barat kerana perjuangn mereka tidak mendapat sokongan keseluruhan rakyat. Tambahan, pihak penjajah telah menggunakan pasukan tentera yang besar dan alat senjata yang moden untuk mematahkan kebangkitan ini.Kegagalan juga dapt dilihat apabila kedua-dua tokok penggerak utama kebangkitan ini dihukum oleh pihak penjajah. Walau bagaimanapun tidak dapat dinafikan apa yang dimulakan oleh Saya San dan Diponegoro telah menimbulkan semangat kebangsaan di kalangan rakyat Myanmar dan Indonesia (Jawa) dan akhirnya membawa kepada gerakan kemerdekaan.CITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-21798453106468750182009-04-28T03:55:00.000-07:002009-04-28T04:17:49.597-07:00INDONESIA<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsxglLusiL2U4U2jF2nz1eUca0UiFhgehtLeqyJ9faPfMJZpEH4GQKNim_J9ghAKSqKZCbgI0ZyARQpgi1JIs4r7iluum9SfY78huf836-4RCFC6RkhVNyK1p-5iycLWma0Bvgr2r4gRI/s1600-h/url.htm"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsxglLusiL2U4U2jF2nz1eUca0UiFhgehtLeqyJ9faPfMJZpEH4GQKNim_J9ghAKSqKZCbgI0ZyARQpgi1JIs4r7iluum9SfY78huf836-4RCFC6RkhVNyK1p-5iycLWma0Bvgr2r4gRI/s320/url.htm" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329697039405246210" /></a><br /><br /><br />Geography<br /><br />Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia consisting of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited) and straddling the equator. The largest islands are Sumatra, Java (the most populous), Bali, Kalimantan (Indonesia's part of Borneo), Sulawesi (Celebes), the Nusa Tenggara islands, the Moluccas Islands, and Irian Jaya (also called West Papua), the western part of New Guinea. Its neighbor to the north is Malaysia and to the east is Papua New Guinea.<br /><br />Indonesia, part of the “ring of fire,” has the largest number of active volcanoes in the world. Earthquakes are frequent. Wallace's line, a zoological demarcation between Asian and Australian flora and fauna, divides Indonesia.<br />Government<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkYVqXVaDTEmQGFN0ebM_qkyvt5jmqDEv6cdEFswUQt-QikS7t3ImO0I_VtxkvBgMQSTpUprdNmS0binePiWc-MTRnb9ECAS_Ce_Z5S8IHRofL6uLRyxd7toot8IGDXaeS_DUsQAlPPoM/s1600-h/mindones.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 210px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkYVqXVaDTEmQGFN0ebM_qkyvt5jmqDEv6cdEFswUQt-QikS7t3ImO0I_VtxkvBgMQSTpUprdNmS0binePiWc-MTRnb9ECAS_Ce_Z5S8IHRofL6uLRyxd7toot8IGDXaeS_DUsQAlPPoM/s320/mindones.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329695696588734450" /></a><br /><br />Republic.<br />History<br /><br />The 17,000 islands that make up Indonesia were home to a diversity of cultures and indigenous beliefs when the islands came under the influence of Hindu priests and traders in the first and second centuries A.D. Muslim invasions began in the 13th century, and most of the archipelago had converted to Islam by the 15th century. Portuguese traders arrived early in the next century but were ousted by the Dutch around 1595. The Dutch United East India Company established posts on the island of Java, in an effort to control the spice trade.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwH0pFzT_hQ8HbZa6vB2B4UoHTh9b8T1XmxaIo3zMBiyd1xVB2lVSDTweYRQPitYGahfx_2zFhEH2dpkVf64QLJIOYb2YRyUPlm40ErrCyjn5erQ2Y5Ol_bx4T6khcPNh-jrXb61V_-Uc/s1600-h/indones.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 154px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwH0pFzT_hQ8HbZa6vB2B4UoHTh9b8T1XmxaIo3zMBiyd1xVB2lVSDTweYRQPitYGahfx_2zFhEH2dpkVf64QLJIOYb2YRyUPlm40ErrCyjn5erQ2Y5Ol_bx4T6khcPNh-jrXb61V_-Uc/s320/indones.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329695317218007810" /></a><br /><br /><br />After Napoléon subjugated the Netherlands in 1811, the British seized the islands but returned them to the Dutch in 1816. In 1922, Indonesia was made an integral part of the Dutch kingdom. During World War II, Japan seized the islands. Tokyo was primarily interested in Indonesia's oil, which was vital to the war effort, and tolerated fledgling nationalists such as Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta. After Japan's surrender, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on Aug. 17, 1945. Allied troops, mostly British Indian forces, fought nationalist militias to reassert the prewar status quo until the arrival of Dutch troops.<br />Dutch Recognize Indonesia's Independence<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGfslSMsPifc6Zt0GVPPjMdinc5MEyGltLOlVjjFszAjTJ5g5TSzmEtDU1d59ou4yz9lgxKuOcTB5YjZNxh4oMulJImd99RO91iLp_DSHZp7L6KIzVXYeTQYt4Y2-Djr9RhCk0YGpmI7o/s1600-h/url.htm"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 222px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGfslSMsPifc6Zt0GVPPjMdinc5MEyGltLOlVjjFszAjTJ5g5TSzmEtDU1d59ou4yz9lgxKuOcTB5YjZNxh4oMulJImd99RO91iLp_DSHZp7L6KIzVXYeTQYt4Y2-Djr9RhCk0YGpmI7o/s320/url.htm" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329696578457218146" /></a><br /> JAKARTA<br /><br />In Nov. 1946, a draft agreement on forming a Netherlands-Indonesian Union was reached, but differences in interpretation resulted in more fighting between Dutch and nationalist forces. Following a bitter war for independence, leaders on both sides agreed to terms of a union on Nov. 2, 1949. The transfer of sovereignty took place in Amsterdam on Dec. 27, 1949. In Feb. 1956, Indonesia abrogated the union and began seizing Dutch property in the islands.<br /><br />In 1963, Netherlands New Guinea (the Dutch portion of the island of New Guinea) was transferred to Indonesia and renamed West Irian, which became Irian Jaya in 1973 and West Papua in 2000. Hatta and Sukarno, the cofathers of Indonesian independence, split over Sukarno's concept of “guided democracy,” and under Sukarno's rule the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) steadily increased its influence.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsvPPa5Dgm8SExjVaSiK15C7rFe17S2svd5Lyq4g57cQV1W9pcypRDUu0im5PJ3k_PrfZeTZQgFrWtgB33Syv5zTNSXgbD1HG87xqFbiCM89Q9m4QhJm8PGGtu-2okbpfgGi611d8wNfE/s1600-h/url.htm"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 243px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsvPPa5Dgm8SExjVaSiK15C7rFe17S2svd5Lyq4g57cQV1W9pcypRDUu0im5PJ3k_PrfZeTZQgFrWtgB33Syv5zTNSXgbD1HG87xqFbiCM89Q9m4QhJm8PGGtu-2okbpfgGi611d8wNfE/s320/url.htm" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329697779918564946" /></a><br /><br />Sukarno was named president for life in 1966. He enjoyed mass support for his policies, but a growing power struggle between the military and the PKI loomed over his government. After an attempted military coup was put down by army chief of staff, General Suharto, and officers loyal to him, Suharto's forces killed hundreds of thousands of suspected Communists in a massive purge aimed at undermining Sukarno's rule.<br />Suharto Assumes Control and Brings a Measure of Stability<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjGckZrWjgigQC2ANfOZ7DhFLiml1_A0yGQv4vBVltriCHc-SRRICmAANIOGkTn7Jf8BHbh_VyMFGlZoLWgJCaXU2VJcfbKPPBC0K71eEzO_F_82q699b7psyPCJMU9o24m5tjEj-QMc4/s1600-h/url.htm"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 230px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjGckZrWjgigQC2ANfOZ7DhFLiml1_A0yGQv4vBVltriCHc-SRRICmAANIOGkTn7Jf8BHbh_VyMFGlZoLWgJCaXU2VJcfbKPPBC0K71eEzO_F_82q699b7psyPCJMU9o24m5tjEj-QMc4/s320/url.htm" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329698368883793378" /></a><br /><br />Suharto took over the reins of government and gradually eased Sukarno out of office, completing his consolidation of power in 1967. Under Suharto the military assumed an overarching role in national affairs, and relations with the West were enhanced. Indonesia's economy improved dramatically and national elections were permitted, although the opposition was so tightly controlled as to virtually choke off dissent.<br />Indonesia Annexes East Timor<br /><br />In 1975, Indonesia invaded the former Portuguese half of the island of Timor; it seized the territory in 1976. A separatist movement developed at once. Unlike the rest of Indonesia, which had been a Dutch colony, East Timor was governed by the Portuguese for 400 years, and while 90% of Indonesians are Muslim, the East Timorese are primarily Catholic. More than 200,000 Timorese are reported to have died from famine, disease, and fighting since the annexation. In 1996, two East Timorese resistance activists, Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta, received the Nobel Peace Prize.<br /><br />In the summer of 1997, Indonesia suffered a major economic setback, along with most other Asian economies. Banks failed and the value of Indonesia's currency, the rupiah, plummeted. Antigovernment demonstrations and riots broke out, directed mainly at the country's prosperous ethnic Chinese. As the economic crisis deepened, student demonstrators occupied the national parliament, demanding Suharto's ouster. On May 21, 1998, Suharto stepped down, ending 32 years of rule, and handed over power to Vice President B. J. Habibie.<br /><br />June 7, 1999, marked Indonesia's first free parliamentary election since 1955. The ruling Golkar Party took a backseat to the Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Sukarno, Indonesia's first president.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4nhZrlzC3udXFhcaHChQc4KAh4mo32ioQYzploUkqEQ08Gq9OlHpsXoAwkkP8aXAPn2Mjb-04QLs68aWj7exzZ-7sDhJe3FIn8GLC4QmTIsk1ncmhRiTZKRl219g4tMSSWRtAxgfufU/s1600-h/url.htm"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 312px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4nhZrlzC3udXFhcaHChQc4KAh4mo32ioQYzploUkqEQ08Gq9OlHpsXoAwkkP8aXAPn2Mjb-04QLs68aWj7exzZ-7sDhJe3FIn8GLC4QmTIsk1ncmhRiTZKRl219g4tMSSWRtAxgfufU/s320/url.htm" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329698865508547810" /></a><br /><br />Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born September 9, 1949), is an Indonesian retired military general and the sixth and current President of Indonesia. Yudhoyono won the 2004 Indonesian presidential election defeating incumbent President Megawati Sukarnoputri. He was sworn into office on October 20, 2004, together with Jusuf Kalla as Vice President.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtVnIM6d_1wUJ9WJVYK-_MsowGoR4qdjSs7yTyNGdJjWOIKNcvIBvR1gPo-V1h-QJp0vmNXXTSfnUyMWgWvKGI5DUFeXhS2dCjySHvCGyQyfGv7s0nzcU874Nki9_7D6yebn85tuT9ygQ/s1600-h/Fotopresdn.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 160px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtVnIM6d_1wUJ9WJVYK-_MsowGoR4qdjSs7yTyNGdJjWOIKNcvIBvR1gPo-V1h-QJp0vmNXXTSfnUyMWgWvKGI5DUFeXhS2dCjySHvCGyQyfGv7s0nzcU874Nki9_7D6yebn85tuT9ygQ/s320/Fotopresdn.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5329699852894305170" /></a><br /><br />The day of his inauguration, Yudhoyono announced his new cabinet, which would be known as the United Indonesia Cabinet. Consisting of 36 ministers, it included members of the Democratic Party, Golkar and the PPP, PBB, PKB, PAN, PKP, and PKS. Professionals were also named in the cabinet, most of them taking on ministries in the economic field. The military were also included, with five former members appointed to the cabinet. As per Yudhoyono's promise during the election, four of the cabinet appointees were femaleCITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-88456367806854521132009-04-22T18:58:00.000-07:002009-04-22T19:11:28.664-07:00THAILAND<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mcal6220BVy7hNz4fgXxjOkY8ExD-YGxFc_M16kQhf-3_CWa0VxDgIrXfTIqjkCHbJmTERyqVoGLPepX8z618xjmN8kYuMxhsQBaY2-E0dG98mQV9fjPXFC_j_M51gh_vQjwKN7o35g/s1600-h/Thailand_democracy_monument.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 258px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mcal6220BVy7hNz4fgXxjOkY8ExD-YGxFc_M16kQhf-3_CWa0VxDgIrXfTIqjkCHbJmTERyqVoGLPepX8z618xjmN8kYuMxhsQBaY2-E0dG98mQV9fjPXFC_j_M51gh_vQjwKN7o35g/s320/Thailand_democracy_monument.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327703697428090722" /></a><br /><br />Geography<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8rlK8syUQncOWciFmWBXPh70GAXokTY05t3Fp9CsLC_WMbfHoDt8n3Ej6XDDrdWg06pWuEcBnCu3lrhUs5RCNNqCEX4vBwrqsUO9NK1nAuIrFvH_vXmMmEz3xF1glSFuacoToOVgjWoY/s1600-h/50086634.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 209px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8rlK8syUQncOWciFmWBXPh70GAXokTY05t3Fp9CsLC_WMbfHoDt8n3Ej6XDDrdWg06pWuEcBnCu3lrhUs5RCNNqCEX4vBwrqsUO9NK1nAuIrFvH_vXmMmEz3xF1glSFuacoToOVgjWoY/s320/50086634.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327703307093404290" /></a><br /><br />Thailand occupies the western half of the Indochinese peninsula and the northern two-thirds of the Malay Peninsula in southeast Asia. Its neighbors are Burma (Myanmar) on the north and west, Laos on the north and northeast, Cambodia on the east, and Malaysia on the south. Thailand is about the size of France.<br /><br />Kingdom of Thailand <br />Ruler: King Bhumibol Adulyadej (1946)<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUrRtf1B3MKOdlT_xmpTjr-XVcGF4rw6nwsDppI2xyKEnCRAV9pm2WSZ41J9rceL9au2-sCjSCrzO6RcjCaYKNbO3WGjA8DfUlW2dEVKnomK5M-AxIc-3AFqz7Z6LDjb_yHXk5uDPwZqQ/s1600-h/CAYBOXU3.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 124px; height: 93px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUrRtf1B3MKOdlT_xmpTjr-XVcGF4rw6nwsDppI2xyKEnCRAV9pm2WSZ41J9rceL9au2-sCjSCrzO6RcjCaYKNbO3WGjA8DfUlW2dEVKnomK5M-AxIc-3AFqz7Z6LDjb_yHXk5uDPwZqQ/s320/CAYBOXU3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327701104530880882" /></a><br /><br />Prime Minister: Abhisit Vejjajiva (2008)<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXy66Q12OuLtammnf6dCs7z7aswnDWHI1QcZqdDqOhHqevTDGfo4KbmFzH2xf87nK0dcz21t5jXDBfR_hlTvWdLL050Bg-lwWD-wl03KgpLxRyzLRovqPxXj6b9-Y4USlMA3jIVzXdeWo/s1600-h/abhisit-vejjajiva-2008-12-17-9-5-31.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 228px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXy66Q12OuLtammnf6dCs7z7aswnDWHI1QcZqdDqOhHqevTDGfo4KbmFzH2xf87nK0dcz21t5jXDBfR_hlTvWdLL050Bg-lwWD-wl03KgpLxRyzLRovqPxXj6b9-Y4USlMA3jIVzXdeWo/s320/abhisit-vejjajiva-2008-12-17-9-5-31.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327701504343856578" /></a><br /><br />Current government officials <br /><br />Land area: 197,595 sq mi (511,771 sq km); total area: 198,455 sq mi (514,000 sq km)<br /><br />Population (2007 est.): 65,068,149 (growth rate: 0.7%); birth rate: 13.7/1000; infant mortality rate: 18.9/1000; life expectancy: 72.6; density per sq mi: 329<br /><br />Capital and largest city (2000): Bangkok, 6,320,174 (city proper)<br /><br />Other large cities: Nonthanburi, 304,700; Chiang Mai, 175,500<br /><br />Monetary unit: baht<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnh-XOPVgecfb8XTp8YuUh3xuKh_Y657VY8JordWaQ8UGA4RvQyxkE9W1gHotOSx6fbk6gjGxJUjDWmh_Nes2pLkP8gSMqeSwota0oo3F1CgDoiltk_EIi-RDoV6Y6DT8_XhWxk2TRPBc/s1600-h/Thai_1000_Baht_Front.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 140px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnh-XOPVgecfb8XTp8YuUh3xuKh_Y657VY8JordWaQ8UGA4RvQyxkE9W1gHotOSx6fbk6gjGxJUjDWmh_Nes2pLkP8gSMqeSwota0oo3F1CgDoiltk_EIi-RDoV6Y6DT8_XhWxk2TRPBc/s320/Thai_1000_Baht_Front.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327702804372846466" /></a><br /><br /><br />Languages: Thai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects<br /><br />Ethnicity/race: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%<br /><br />Religions: Buddhist 95%, Islam 5%, Christian 1% (2000)<br /><br />Literacy rate: 96% (2003 est.)<br /><br />Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2007 est.): $519.4 billion; per capita $7,900. Real growth rate: 4.8%. Inflation: 2.2%. Unemployment: 1.4%. Arable land: 28%. Agriculture: rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans. Labor force: 36.9 million; agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37% (2000 est.). Industries: tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer. Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land. Exports: $105.8 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber, jewelry, automobiles, computers and electrical appliances. Imports: $107 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.): capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels. Major trading partners: U.S., Japan, China, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan (2004).<br /><br />Communications: Telephones: main lines in use: 5.6 million (2000); mobile cellular: 3.1 million (2002). Radio broadcast stations: AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999). Radios: 13.96 million (1997). Television broadcast stations: 5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters) (1997). Televisions: 15.19 million (1997). Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 15 (2000). Internet users: 1.2 million (2001).<br /><br />Transportation: Railways: total: 4,071 km (2002). Highways: total: 64,600 km; paved: 62,985 km; unpaved: 1,615 km (1999 est.). Waterways: 4,000 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft. Ports and harbors: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha, Songkhla. Airports: 111 (2002).<br /><br />International disputes: completion of boundary demarcation with Cambodia hampered by accusations of moving and destroying boundary markers, encroachments, initiating border incidents, and sealing off Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; demarcation complete except for a 1 kilometer segment at the mouth of the Kolok River in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos complete except for certain Mekong River islets and complaints of Thai squatters; despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities.<br /><br /><br />Government<br />Constitutional monarchy.<br /><br />History<br />The Thais first began settling their present homeland in the 6th century, and by the end of the 13th century ruled most of the western portion. During the next 400 years, they fought sporadically with the Cambodians to the east and the Burmese to the west. Formerly called Siam, Thailand has never experienced foreign colonization. The British gained a colonial foothold in the region in 1824, but by 1896 an Anglo-French accord guaranteed the independence of Thailand. A coup in 1932 demoted the monarchy to titular status and established representative government with universal suffrage.<br /><br />At the outbreak of World War II, Japanese forces attacked Thailand. After five hours of token resistance Thailand yielded to Japan on Dec. 8, 1941, subsequently becoming a staging area for the Japanese campaign against Malaya. Following the demise of a pro-Japanese puppet government in July 1944, Thailand repudiated the declaration of war it had been forced to make in 1942 against Britain and the U.S.<br /><br />By the late 1960s the nation's problems largely stemmed from conflicts brewing in neighboring Cambodia and Vietnam. Although Thailand had received $2 billion in U.S. economic and military aid since 1950 and had sent troops (paid by the U.S.) to Vietnam while permitting U.S. bomber bases on its territory, the collapse of South Vietnam and Cambodia in spring 1975 brought rapid changes in the country's diplomatic posture. At the Thai government's insistence, the U.S. agreed to withdraw all 23,000 U.S. military personnel remaining in Thailand by March 1976.CITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-4660199204310802352009-04-22T18:48:00.000-07:002009-04-22T18:56:16.088-07:00VIETNAM THE NATION<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxA-KWA35C_wl8Fi_386jVR4M_kX-eRgkYC_TrgRc5AcE9p4AmjKxi8ZT_544DfWdy00P6508svIYsXh5Vg42k8xct3Fz6jhux78FBIXSAXNQLg4tIAMsz7FTBehXPKKsQWWFo1MVGOBM/s1600-h/VVietnam.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 96px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxA-KWA35C_wl8Fi_386jVR4M_kX-eRgkYC_TrgRc5AcE9p4AmjKxi8ZT_544DfWdy00P6508svIYsXh5Vg42k8xct3Fz6jhux78FBIXSAXNQLg4tIAMsz7FTBehXPKKsQWWFo1MVGOBM/s320/VVietnam.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327698411249140146" /></a><br /><br /> <br />It can be said that there were three layers of culture overlapping each other during the history of Vietnam: local culture, the culture that mixed with those of China and other countries in the region, and the culture that interacted with Western culture. The most prominent feature of the Vietnamese culture is that it was not assimilated by foreign cultures thanks to the strong local cultural foundations. On the contrary, it was able to utilize and localize those from abroad to enrich the national culture. <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqNG3XqzQ2vzHwNTt81o5vdVuUnCZXNPniD0oQ9zzE3xyyEWVs3oqS7ID8dZEZVFBY4EajCCPzGYYn72manuUx_k4LNS5eHxc2Lln_N6tD_KEnvn08s5UjcnTZIe-os6pfuiAflswOX3M/s1600-h/fukien-pagoda.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 143px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqNG3XqzQ2vzHwNTt81o5vdVuUnCZXNPniD0oQ9zzE3xyyEWVs3oqS7ID8dZEZVFBY4EajCCPzGYYn72manuUx_k4LNS5eHxc2Lln_N6tD_KEnvn08s5UjcnTZIe-os6pfuiAflswOX3M/s320/fukien-pagoda.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327698897072388274" /></a><br /><br /><br />The Vietnamese national culture emerged from a concrete living environment: a tropical country with many rivers and the confluence of great cultures. The natural conditions (temperature, humidity, monsoon, water-flows, water-rice agriculture ...) exert a remarkable impact on the material and spiritual life of the nation, the characteristics and psychology of the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese nation was formed early in the history and often had to carry out wars of resistance against foreign invaders, which created a prominent cultural feature: a patriotism that infiltrated and encompassed every aspect of life. <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy2woNb7cY_u4_Y883g06afLef9OXIRUqXTYoQEUCVzuMc7q4y2vJIYReGBJ2bTwjGfEDwvEKsQVRADgFwmzPyFWUc5SEEXAd305F7DkWqncMskvJmZvCkHHFmURNH6JtXvxR6YTYNEp0/s1600-h/hotay.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 175px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy2woNb7cY_u4_Y883g06afLef9OXIRUqXTYoQEUCVzuMc7q4y2vJIYReGBJ2bTwjGfEDwvEKsQVRADgFwmzPyFWUc5SEEXAd305F7DkWqncMskvJmZvCkHHFmURNH6JtXvxR6YTYNEp0/s320/hotay.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327699285625845602" /></a><br /><br />With the Declaration of Independence on September 2nd 1945, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the first independent republic in Southeast Asia, was born. On January 6, 1946, the first universal suffrage general election was held to elect the National Assembly, the supreme organ of power of the new Vietnam. <br />In November 1946, the National Assembly adopted the first Constitution of the Republic. The Constitution clearly pointed out that "Vietnam is an indivisible and monolithic bloc; it is a democratic republic; power belongs to the whole Vietnamese people irrespective of race, gender, property, social class and religion." <br /> <br />Most visitors to Vietnam are overwhelmed by the sublime beauty of the country's natural setting: the Red River Delta in the north, the Mekong Delta in the south and almost the entire coastal strip are a patchwork of brilliant green rice paddies tended by women in conical hats. <br />There are some divine beaches along the coast, while inland there are soaring mountains, some of which are cloaked by dense, misty forests. Vietnam also offers an opportunity to see a country of traditional charm and rare beauty rapidly opening up to the outside world. <br /><br />Despite its ongoing economic liberalization and the pressures of rapid development, this dignified country has managed to preserve its rich civilization and highly cultured society. <br />It has discarded its post-war fatigues and the boom in budget traveling, coupled with the softening of government control, have enabled more contemporary and relevant portraits of the country to gain currency in the West. <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6luTsNvkCDcwhTsEt8i50Qgu58KPonSed-QP8yTTWxgFS_OsxBNiNp_NzJsx1ItvrApmstHyyCb7BJl8-USl2qxsmMdehjLgNCiMoEGS3pZgYZ70Okr-hRkeZW_3nXP5wIm4pHqnjD18/s1600-h/myson-towers.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 176px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6luTsNvkCDcwhTsEt8i50Qgu58KPonSed-QP8yTTWxgFS_OsxBNiNp_NzJsx1ItvrApmstHyyCb7BJl8-USl2qxsmMdehjLgNCiMoEGS3pZgYZ70Okr-hRkeZW_3nXP5wIm4pHqnjD18/s320/myson-towers.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327699682099191746" /></a><br /><br /><br />Full country name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam<br />Area: 329,566 sq km<br />Population: 81.62 million<br />Capital City: Hanoi (pop 3.5 million)<br />People: 84% ethnic Vietnamese, 2% ethnic Chinese, also Khmers, Chams (a remnant of the once-great Indianised Champa Kingdom) and members of over 50 ethnolinguistic groups (also known as Montagnards, 'highlanders' in French)<br />Language: Vietnamese, Russian, French, Chinese, English<br />Religion: Buddhism is the principal religion but there are also sizeable Taoist, Confucian, Hoa Hao, Caodaists, Muslim and Christian minorities<br />Government: Communist state<br />Head of State: President Tran Duc Luong<br />Head of Government: Prime Minister Phan Van Khai<br /> <br />GDP: US$24 billion <br />GDP per capita: US$300 <br />Annual Growth: 8% <br />Inflation: 8% <br />Major Industries: Rice, rubber, food processing, sugar, textiles, chemicals <br />Major Trading Partners: China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan <br /> <br />Facts for the Traveler <br />Visas: Bureaucratic hassles will be your first problem in getting a visa - expect delays of five days or more; Bangkok is the best place to get one. It's usually best to get your visas through a travel agency. Expense is the other problem; tourist visas valid for a single 30-day stay cost about US$40 in Bangkok.<br />Health risks: Dengue Fever, Hepatitis, Malaria, Rabies, Typhoid, Tuberculosis<br />Dialing Code: 84<br />Electricity: 220V ,50Hz<br />Weights & Measures: MetricCITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-33141470714975109522009-04-22T18:25:00.000-07:002009-04-22T18:44:19.324-07:00hierarki sosial masyarakat tradisional di Negara Thai dan Vietnam sebelum campur tangan barat.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikiKzJIBGqkJSvHSqG_K_l4jDNsY5uDO_CBi7h3tlAxTbgRAE0QliG-JpZb_VX9Zg0ZwpH6r0YM8NPbZlBMJZKoguZuw8tGMekzf8rT6R1bqr_s5qo_dDFWaRaxSSWniMnoF5L99DqA10/s1600-h/thailand.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 280px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikiKzJIBGqkJSvHSqG_K_l4jDNsY5uDO_CBi7h3tlAxTbgRAE0QliG-JpZb_VX9Zg0ZwpH6r0YM8NPbZlBMJZKoguZuw8tGMekzf8rT6R1bqr_s5qo_dDFWaRaxSSWniMnoF5L99DqA10/s320/thailand.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327695921590403826" /></a><br />Umumnya masyarakat di Asia Tenggara pada awalnya mengamalkan sistem sosial yang bercorak tradisional berasaskan sistem feudal<br />Sistem feudal membawa maksud satu bentuk kerajaan yang hanya dijalankan oleh individu tertentu yang bebas dari kawalan kerajaan pusat<br />Hierarki sosial masyarakat dalam sistem feudal adalah berbentuk piramid<br /><br />Negara Thai<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Z1MjCK5nKouzuZlHOeuAxiXXRQrrFkuGUjc4OJFdvKnXx5eBP5rt2ohIvkE1BLBhyJgqRS895qwjRQxAq3PxDJV7e-nNWamrB-WlJYBve7v8NtRXaTNBduTsisx0d6Sd9U_-kcWrn5c/s1600-h/thailand.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 211px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7Z1MjCK5nKouzuZlHOeuAxiXXRQrrFkuGUjc4OJFdvKnXx5eBP5rt2ohIvkE1BLBhyJgqRS895qwjRQxAq3PxDJV7e-nNWamrB-WlJYBve7v8NtRXaTNBduTsisx0d6Sd9U_-kcWrn5c/s320/thailand.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327695571028341586" /></a><br /><br />- Raja menduduki lapisan teratas diikuti oleh golongan bangsawan(nai),rakyat <br /> yang bebas (phrai) dan hamba (that) <br />golongan sangha (sami Buddha) berperanan penting dalam sistem feudal Thai<br />raja Thai mempunyai kuasa mutlak dalam pemerintahan<br />golongan nai berperanan sebagai pemimpin masyarakat dan memberi perlindungan kepada golongan phrai.<br />phrai menjadi symbol kekayaan dan kekuasaan politik golongan nai<br />that pula merupakan hamba kepada golongan nai dan phrai yang kaya<br />dua kelas that yang penting iaitu hamba berhutang dan hamba tawanan perang<br />golongan sangha mendapat pengiktirafan yang tinggi di kalangan masyarakat Thai dan menjadi penggerak agama Buddha dengan menjadi tenaga pengajar utama kepada ahli masyarakat Thai <br />kedudukan mereka lebih tinggi dan mulia di sisi masyarakat<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNjtWWC1Kshx7f98X1PUoUrnIvlRFLdPQeW_wKLDWUuJTI8EttuHdIniMKozTAtmh-kk-N5-YzMcsq5NRt4To0zkYifCJVvh90yJSGyjK51Ya3DCiE66iCAgIieSUmi41gdg7v_yVfhMc/s1600-h/thailand_rel_2002.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 215px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNjtWWC1Kshx7f98X1PUoUrnIvlRFLdPQeW_wKLDWUuJTI8EttuHdIniMKozTAtmh-kk-N5-YzMcsq5NRt4To0zkYifCJVvh90yJSGyjK51Ya3DCiE66iCAgIieSUmi41gdg7v_yVfhMc/s320/thailand_rel_2002.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327695269782749010" /></a><br /><br />Vietnam<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha-lwVwgFlA0gk18VKy9MWX5HFCGuYIwmZco_ZaVclt8fDga_hRJGGS6EHdBlEIoTgVWQTw_Mqsvz3v0nD6swyBlD9NtviC6C1vTAWdM3axe9xZrtRGLe51jeunSMsGXyWlg98zsNfaB4/s1600-h/Vietnam%2520Flag.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha-lwVwgFlA0gk18VKy9MWX5HFCGuYIwmZco_ZaVclt8fDga_hRJGGS6EHdBlEIoTgVWQTw_Mqsvz3v0nD6swyBlD9NtviC6C1vTAWdM3axe9xZrtRGLe51jeunSMsGXyWlg98zsNfaB4/s320/Vietnam%2520Flag.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327694934034665122" /></a><br /><br />sistem pemerintahan berasaskan sistem pemusatan kuasa melalui birokrasi pusat<br />hierarki sosial masyarakat Vietnam terdiri daripada maharaja, golongan cendikiawan (quan atau mandarin) dan petani<br />golongan cendikiawan mempunyai kedudukan paling tinggi dan berpengaruh dalam masyarakat Vietnam , kerana mereka merupakan pemerintah sebenar yang bertanggungjawab menjalankan tugas2 maharaja<br />golongan quan atau mandarin mendapat pendidikan tinggi berdasarkan ajaran Confucius <br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWpqYoj-M3c9-JU60hx47URpC8ZqwjqGpRaT-7i9BivIAz2fTcv00P4f2MFJZYeQrsLCd7iQNefxEG8pshkn6Gs8h-iQLfzLTDwGjlcyMCQfdLBCI7T3ktanHIrlHBax4lrBiDaHEZZSM/s1600-h/vietnamese-new-year-2007-01.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 190px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWpqYoj-M3c9-JU60hx47URpC8ZqwjqGpRaT-7i9BivIAz2fTcv00P4f2MFJZYeQrsLCd7iQNefxEG8pshkn6Gs8h-iQLfzLTDwGjlcyMCQfdLBCI7T3ktanHIrlHBax4lrBiDaHEZZSM/s320/vietnamese-new-year-2007-01.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5327696612604315314" /></a><br /><br />rakyat biasa yang pintar serta berpengetahuan dalam ajaran Confucius secara mendalam berpeluang menjadi pegawai2 tinggi awam<br />golongan bangsawan tidak mendapat tempat dalam perkhidmatan awam kesan daripada pembaharuan Maharaja Gia Long yang menamatkan keistimewaan dan pengaruh politik golongan bangsawan dan keluarga diraja<br />golongan petani menduduki hierarki sosial yang paling rendah di mana mereka menjalankan kegiatan ekonomi sara diri iaitu menanam padi sawah<br /><br />kesimpulannya <br />Sistem feudal yang diamalkan oleh masyarakat Asia dimansuhkan setelah berlakunya imperialisme kuasa barat pada abad ke – 19 dan awal abad ke-20.CITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2694169061021113584.post-6210903733335912202009-04-08T17:58:00.000-07:002009-04-08T18:17:17.467-07:00TEMA 2 : BAHAGIAN B SEJARAH ASIA TENGGARA<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV9ca4V09vl_XEs0e1asdXZ8TjJqL0CVsPEYX42QeVwvvkekDrYnp-Qk3aWyAeQa0lS_kyDhOMjmWDfz2QHNHdz3LOFfXnnVS_C7JHv2uGvcyjLSOYYhnLx3Pkaqooie19vXoKjoW4TQ8/s1600-h/political-map-of-thailand.gif"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 206px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV9ca4V09vl_XEs0e1asdXZ8TjJqL0CVsPEYX42QeVwvvkekDrYnp-Qk3aWyAeQa0lS_kyDhOMjmWDfz2QHNHdz3LOFfXnnVS_C7JHv2uGvcyjLSOYYhnLx3Pkaqooie19vXoKjoW4TQ8/s320/political-map-of-thailand.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5322494533344226034" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbQFw8AOR1lElOOPGfPRbVNvf7eJRxEvEyqHG0aGhmofRFa_ApnrA1AIR4pO9TrlpLgP0-BqUWXqUIgR8XVbzzr9KjAyp8YrNm3oeUN9jhwrUZ44OK92tXovxXIzrlTL8FoB5cxioZazs/s1600-h/images.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 140px; height: 105px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbQFw8AOR1lElOOPGfPRbVNvf7eJRxEvEyqHG0aGhmofRFa_ApnrA1AIR4pO9TrlpLgP0-BqUWXqUIgR8XVbzzr9KjAyp8YrNm3oeUN9jhwrUZ44OK92tXovxXIzrlTL8FoB5cxioZazs/s320/images.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5322493440860564866" /></a><br /> Perjanjian Bowring ditandatangani oleh raja Mongkut dengan British bertujuan untuk mengekalkan kedaulatan Thailand.Perjanjian Yandaboo dimeterai pada februari 1826 akibat kekalahan Burma dalam perang Inggeris Burma 1 Kedua –dua perjanjian ini memberikan implikasi yang besar terhadap Thailand dan Burma terutama dalam soal pemerintahan dan politik<br /><br /><strong>Implikasi Perjanjian Bowring </strong><br /><br /><strong>i.Permulaan Dasar Buka Pintu</strong><br /><br />Selepas Perjanjian Bowring, Raja Mongkut dan Raja Chulalongkorn telah menandatangani satu siri perjanjian perdagangan dengan kuasa Barat yang lain seperti Perancis dan Amerika Syarikat (1856), Denmark (1858), Portugal (1859), Holland (1860), Prusia (1862), Belgium, Norway, Itali dan Sweden (1868).<br /><br /><strong>ii. Hubungan Diplomatik yang erat</strong><br /><br />Siam menjalinkan hubungan diplomatik dengan British dan kuasa Barat yang lain atas dasar persamaan taraf.<br />Selepas Perjanjian Bowring, Raja Mongkut telah menghantar utusan yang diketuai oleh Phaya Suriwongse ke Britain. Ini mengeratkan lagi persahabatan Siam dengan Britain.<br /><br /><strong>iii. Kemerdekaan Siam tetap terpelihara</strong><br /><br />Dasar buka pintu Siam, hubungan diplomatik yang erat dan keistimewaan yang sama dan adil kepada semua kuasa Barat yang ada di Siam telah menjamin kemerdekaan Siam,.<br /><br /><strong>iv. Pembukaan Siam kepada perdagangan antarabangsa</strong><br /><br />Perjanjian Bowring dan perjanjian dengan kuasa Barat yang lain mendedahkan Siam kepada perdagangan antarabangsa.Perdagangan antarabangsa sangat menguntungkan Siam sendiri di mana sistem ekonomi sara diri digantikan dengan sistem ekonomi komersial.<br />Bilangan kapal dagang di Siam semakin meningkat Pengeksportan beras, kayu jati dan gulA<br /><br /><strong>v. Britain muncul sebagai pelabur utama</strong><br /><br />Siam banyak menjalankan perdagangan dengan Britain sehingga Siam dikenali sebagai satelit ekonomi Britain.Pelabuhan British di Singapura dan Hong Kong sibuk menjalankan perdagangan dengan Siam.<br /><br /><strong>vi. Penguasaan perdagangan orang Cina di Siam tamat</strong><br /><br />Perjanjian Bowring menamatkan penguasaan orang Cina terhadap perdagangan Siam.<br /><br /><strong>vii. Perubahan dalam sistem kewangan Siam </strong><br /><br />Berikutan dengan perdagangan antarabangsa, kerajaan Siam telah memperbaiki sistem percukaian dan sistem kewangannya.<br /><br /><strong>Implikasi perjanjian Yandaboo</strong><br /><br /><strong>1. Memalukan dan menjatuhkan maruah orang Burma </strong><br /><br />Raja Bagyidaw berpendapat Perjanjian Yandaboo berat sebelah dan menjatuhkan maruah Burma <br /><br /><strong>2. British berjaya menguasai Hilir Burma </strong><br /><br />British kehilangan wilayah penting seperti Arakan dan Tennaserim Pengambilan kedua – dua wilayah itu dianggap sebagai satu rampasan terhadap hak rakyat Burma dan Burma menganggapnmya tidak sah<br /><strong><br />3.Burma tidak menghormati wakil British</strong><br /><br />Burma enggan menubuhkan pejabat perwakilan Burma di Calcutta Tindakan itu merenggangkan hubungan Inggeris Burma<br /><br /><strong>4. Burma kerugian dari segi Ekonomi</strong><br /><br />pengambilan Arakan dan Tenneserim merugikan Burma kerana kawasan tersebut kaya dengan pelbagai sumber seperti beras dan kayu jati<br /><br /><strong>5. Meletakkan asas campurtangan British ke seluruh Burma </strong><br /><br />British mula campurtangan dalam politik Burma dan menguasai Hilir Burma<br /><br /><strong>6.Burma mengingkari perjanjian itu</strong> dan enggan membayar ganti rugi sebanyak 10 juta rupee kepada British – menyebabkan British tidak puas hati <br /><strong><br />7. Membawa kepada Perang Inggeris Burma -II</strong><br /><br /><strong>KESIMPULANNYA</strong><br /><br />Perjanjian Bowring membawa kepada Thailand ke arah pemodenan dan mengekalkan kedaulatan Thailand. Manakala Perjanjian Yandabo membawa kepada perluasan kuasa British di Burma iaitu menyebabkan berlakunya Perang Inggeris Burma 11 dan 111 dan seterusnya menjatuhkan dinasti Konbaung.CITY CYBERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18099065021839409148noreply@blogger.com0